Safety in High-rise Building Construction

Safety in High-rise Building Construction Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background In previous decades since workers balanced themselves at dizzying heights above ground with little to prevent them from falling, high-rise construction has been layered in safety regulations and equipment. Construction can be referred as a relatively hazardous undertaking. There are significantly more injuries and lost workdays due to injuries or illnesses in construction as compared to any other industry. In contrast to most industrial accidents, innocent bystanders also get injured due to construction accidents. Several crane collapses from high rise buildings under construction have resulted in injuries to passersby. Safety during a high-rise construction project is affected in large part by decisions made during the planning and design stage. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to put into practice, whereas other, similar plans may considerably reduce the possibility of dangerous accidents. Beyond these design decisions, safety also depends largely upon education, alertness and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be always alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks. 1.2 Related Problems The causes of injuries in high-rise construction are plentiful. The largest single category for both injuries and fatalities is individual falls. Handling of goods and transportation are also a major cause of injuries. An individual fall may be caused by a series of coincidences: inattentive worker or an insecure railing or slippery footing etc. Removing any one of these causes might serve to stop any particular accident, but again each casualty may have multiple causes. Many measures are available to improve jobsite safety in construction. These include design, choice of safety equipment, education and vigilance. By altering facility designs, particular structures can be safer or more hazardous to construct. Choice of different safety equipments plays an important role in overall safety of project. Educating workers and managers in proper procedures and hazards also has a direct impact on jobsite safety. During the construction process itself, the most important safety related measures are to insure proper vigilance and cooperation on the part of managers, inspectors and workers. Vigilance involves bearing in mind the risks of different working practices. In also involves maintaining temporary physical safeguards. 1.3 Aim To study and evaluate the Safety in High Rise Construction with special focus on safety at construction in Kuwait: issues, problems, procedures, and recommendations 1.4 Objectives To study and understand the various risks involved, and the safety issues related to construction and analysis the previous work done in this field. To evaluate the existing safety procedures, policies, regulations and accident prevention methods with respect to construction industry in Kuwait. Development of questionnaire and conducting survey and interviews with the contractors and the consultants and safety engineers To identify the root of safety problems related to construction in Kuwait and recommend potential safety programs and solutions and estimating the likely effect on project progress and accident reduction Suggesting some recommendations for safety at construction based on the study at Kuwait 1.5 Expected outcomes At the end of project, a reader will be able to understand the various risks involved in high rise construction and the various measures followed to reduce that risk. The practices followed and measures developed to make high-rise construction a safer job will be listed in report. 1.6 Resources used The resources that will be used for this study will include various international papers and books regarding safety in high-rise construction. The papers and books will be generally taken from the university library and some of them will be taken from the internet, while the use of internet resources will be kept to a minimum. 1.7 Gantt Chart Gantt Chart: Project on Safety in High Rise Construction TASKS Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Selection of the Topic Submission of the Project Proposal Literature survey on the Topic Submission of the Interim Report Main Research on the Topic Conclusion and Recommendations Final Report Submission CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Researches Done at International Level In most countries, the building and construction industry has a high rate of occupational accidents. In the EU15, the rate of construction injuries leading to over three days absence from work exceeded 6,000 per 100,000 employees in 2005 (Arbetsmiljà ¶verket, 2008). Although this is approximately three times the rate in the Swedish construction industry, Swedens rate still places building and construction among the top 10 occupational sectors for occupational accidents in the country. Much effort has been made to reduce the rate of industrial accidents, mainly through technical solutions, rules, and regulation. In an interview study of the Australian construction industry, Holmes, Lingard, Yesilyurt, and De Munk (1999) found that risk was largely attributed to the nature of the work, poor individual work practices, ignorance, andwork pressure due to budgetary and time constraints. To successfully approach these sources of risk there is a need to understand not only underlying struct ural and organizational conditions, but also psychological and social factors. Such a broadened and deepened perspective on safety should supplement rather than replace the engineering approach. The concepts of safety culture and safety climate are important contributions from the behavioral and social sciences to our understanding of occupational safety. Denison (1996) stated that the concepts of organizational culture and climate both suggest the existence of a shared, holistic, and collectively defined social context that emerges over time. The two concepts share many features, though organizational culture places greater emphasis on creating the social environment whereas organizational climate corresponds to how this social environment is experienced by the actors and thus is more external (Denison). Zohar (1980) defined organizational climate as a summary of molar perceptions that employees share about their work environments.Neal and Griffin(2006) defined perceived safety cli mate. as individual perceptions of policies, procedures and practices relating to safety in the workplace and suggested that group safety climate refers to perceptions shared within the group. According to organizational climate theory (Schneider, 1975), such shared perceptions will result in normative conclusions as to the correct way to behave in relation to safety in the organization. Climate serves to guide ones own behavior and contributes to the predictability of the behavior of others (Guldenmund, 2000). Pidgeon (1991) suggested that organizational culture represents a shared meaning system (i.e., a system of symbols, ideas, rules, and cognitions, with certain observable behavioral consequences); furthermore, he defined safety culture as the set of beliefs, norms, attitudes, roles, and social and technical practices which are concerned with minimizing the exposure of employees, managers, customers, and members of the public to conditions considered dangerous or injurious. Pid geon stated that such construed meaning systems specifywhat is important and legitimate to the group, and that this culture is created and recreated asmembers of the group repeatedly behave in a way that seems natural and unquestionable to them, thus constructing a particular version of risk and safety. Pidgeon also suggested that it is misleading to consider only organizational or corporate culture, as the cultures of workgroups, departments, divisions, and organizations, as well as cultures at an even broader macro level (e.g., nations) are nested within one another as well as overlapping. Both safety climate and safety culture are socially construed phenomena and the importance of these concepts to occupational safety is generally accepted (e.g., Zohar 1980; Zohar, 2002; Donald Canter, 1994; Pidgeon, 1998; Guldenmund, 2000; Lee Harrison, 2000; Cooper Phillips, 2004; Mearns, Whitaker, Flin, 2003; Neal Griffin, 2006; Clarke, 2006b; Pousette, Larsson, Tà ¶rner, 2008). Gun (1993) investigated contractors safety performances at 98 di.erent con struction sites over 2 years. It was concluded that management training and good management practices are most likely to prevent injuries which are associated with the violation of regulations. Hinze and Raboud (1988) studied safety on large construction projects; the study discussed the relationships between company size, level safety policy, project level safety policy, project coordination, and economic pressure on worker safety. It was found that higher frequencies of construction accidents occurred on projects that were over budget and those that were compete tively bid. According to a Business Round Table report (Construction Industry Institute, 1988), the cost of an effective construction safety and health program in the USA is approximately 2.5% of direct labor costs. Successful safety programs have been developed by many construction companies and have shown remarkable results. Duponts safety training and observation program achieved good results in reducing work-place accidents (Peyton and Rubio, 1991). Bechtel reported that 83% of their projects are meeting the zero goal after applying the `Zero Accident Program; this program reduced lost-time injuries in 1993 to less than half when compared with 1992 (Center to Protect Workers Rights, 1993). Hakkinen (1995), developed a training program called one hour for safety management to provide safety education and training for top management. The program was applied in 100 companies and showed success in attracting managements attention to safety issues. Ringdahl (1990) designed a simple model for cost benefit evaluation of improving safety measures at companies. Jaselskis et al. (1996) presented strategies for improving safety performance on both a company and a project level. 2.2 Safety problems in Construction Construction sites tend to have several employers working on them simultaneously, making safety coordination in such a dynamic environment a very complex process. Temporary duration of work, together with the rapidly changing character of the site are in complete contrast to regular factory production and form a serious hazard to safety. These special features and problems arise from the following: 2.2.1. Competitive tendering Contractors often feel that their bids will be considered even if they do not make proper provisions for safety costs. In the case of hard-pressed local authorities, struggling with government-imposed spending cuts, and smaller  ®rms on the brink of survival in a business recession, this problem is usually more acute and seldom comes to the surface. These problems a.ected Kuwait after the liberation, due to expenditure cuts and a large number of small construction  ®rms. The extent of cost cuts by government and the low number of governmental projects have increased the competitive tendering between companies in the last 5 years. As a result, contractors have been forced to reduce their pro ®ts and costs to stay in the market and allow projects to sell to other companies or subcontractors to secure a pro ®t margin. As shown earlier in the questionnaire distributed to construction  ®rms, most contractors do not consider safety costs in their tenders unless it is recognized by the contract documents. Statistics show that lost-time accident frequency rates, which ranged from 2.5 to 6 per 100,000 man-hours worked on contracts where no provision for safety costs been made in tenders, could be reduced to a range of 0.2 to 1 per 100,000 man-hours worked on projects where proper safety planning and costing had been done and the costs accepted by the client (King and Hudson, 1985). 2.2.2. Lack of safety regulations The absence of a uni ®ed set of safety regulations adversely a.ects the enforcement of safety on the job site. The MPW has a safety chapter in its construction practices manual, KOC has its own manual, and no safety standard manual exists in KM. Projects constructed by American companies are ruled by OSHA and/or the US Army Corps of Engineers safety manual. International standards are not necessarily applicable to the Kuwaiti work environment since methods of practice in advanced and industrial countries di.er from those used in Kuwait. Other national standards have not been updated to comply with the new technology and constructability methods; for example, the prohibition against using wooden sca.olding is not included in such standards. 2.2.3. Small size of most construction  ®rms The open trade and commercial lease given to its citizens by the Kuwaiti government encourages many citizens to establish small businesses, which are especially concentrated in construction. Small construction  ®rms with less than 10 employees account for about 60% of construction  ®rms in Kuwait. This high proportion of small undertakings is a handicap to the spread and adoption of safe working practices. After the liberation, private housing businesses  ¯ourished, attracting many small  ®rms and independent contractors with limited experience in building construction. These  ®rms cannot a.ord the services of safety specialists or instructors, resulting in little opportunity for organized safety instructions either o.- or on-site. Compared to large  ®rms, the small  ®rms are usually short of capital and under great pressure to cut costs at the expense of safety. Construction at this level is a competitive arena, where the saving of a few dinars means the di.erence between success and failure. In addition, most small  ®rms use temporary labor and may not assure continuity of work, so investing money in training and equipment for them is considered an unnecessary cost. Also, it is more di cult for government safety inspectors to inspect the work and practices of a large number of small  ®rms than a smaller number of medium-sized and large ones. 2.2.4. Extensive use of subcontractors The specialization of activities on building sites has been a main factor leading to the extensive employment of subcontractors. Many companies in Kuwait look for safe and fast pro ®t, selling their projects to subcontractors for a certain percentage of the pro ®t. This causes many problems in coordination, safety planning, allocating safety responsibility, and communication. In practice the e.ective control of site-safety practices is di cult to enforce when a number of small subcontractors, especially those with fewer than  ®ve employees, are engaged on one site. The main responsibility is taken by the general contractor, who should insist that all necessary safety measures are written into the subcontractors agreement. Unless proper provision is allowed for the subcontractors to consider safety in their bid, it is doubtful whether they will take safety seriously. 2.2.5. Lack of relevant accident data If you cannot measure safety, then you certainly cannot manage it. The lack of o cial safety data and records of construction accidents at sites makes safety the last issue to be concerned by the contractor and owner. The people on-site and at management level are not aware of safety problems, since they are not informed by the statistics or  ®gs. of serious and fatal accidents that have occurred at sites, and the number of disabilities that resulted from such accidents. 2.2.6. Extensive use of foreign labor Kuwait as a rich developing country attracts many investments and working labor. The employment of migrant labor has always been a special characteristic of construction sites in Kuwait. Different labor cultures and traditions reflect on human relations, different work habits, and communication problems. Most construction workers in Kuwait are unskilled, untrained, and inexperienced, especially after the liberation. They come from poor communities of other countries and are ready to work in any job to establish a reasonable life for their families; many do not see their families for 2 ±3 years in order to save some money for the future. The workers are emotionally vulnerable and preoccupied with their problems since most of them are working in unsecured conditions and not on their sponsors bail. All of these above conditions can a.ect the concentration and attention of the worker and may contribute to mistakes. 2.3 Research methodology for Study in Kuwait Different research activities have been used to collect the necessary information and data related to this research. Among these are  ®eld visits, questionnaires, and interviews. 2.3.1. Contractors questionnaire To understand the problems associated with the implementation of safety pro- grams in construction companies, questionnaires were mailed to technical managers, safety directors, and in some cases chief engineers. Key persons in companies were identi ®ed either by business contacts or by direct phone calls to the companies. Thirty-two questionnaires were mailed to various large, medium, and small-sized construction companies in Kuwait. The questionnaire covered a range of subjects related to safety, namely: (1) companys profile; (2) safety records; (3) accident statistics; (4) training; and (e) safety policy. 2.3.2. Consultants questionnaire Another study was conducted to determine the extent to which designers recognize the need to address the safety of construction workers in project plans, contractors selection criteria, contract clauses concerning safety, and procedures followed at job site supervision. Addresses of key consultants were identified from a bulletin distributed by the Kuwait Engineering Society. 2.3.3. Interviews A number of interviews were conducted with safety engineers, heads of safety departments in government ministries, and company superintendents. The interviews stressed the di culties in implementing safety at job sites, government procedures and policies, safety standards, cause of most construction accidents, and methods of prevention. Interviews with contractors superintendents covered safety programs, labor behavior and companys investment in safety. Visits were also made to two major insurance companies dealing with construction insurance in Kuwait. The questions covered insurance types, premiums, major accidents, companies commitment to safety procedures at the job site, labor compensation, accident records, accident investigation procedures, and insurance companies role in safety in general. References * Cooke, T., Lingard, H., Blismas, N., Stranieri, A., 2008. ToolSHeDTM: the development and evaluation of a decision support tool for health and safety in construction design. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 15 (4), 336-351. * Gambatese, J.A., Behm, M., Rajendran, S., 2008. Designs role in construction accident causality and prevention: perspectives from an expect panel. Safety Science 46 (4), 675-691. * Low, S.P., Sua, C.S., 2000. The maintenance of construction safety: riding on ISO 9000 quality management systems. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 6 (1), 28-44. * Mohamed, A. et al, 1993. Safety of concrete high-rise buildings during construction. Purdue University. * Abdelhamid, T.S., Patel, B., Howell, G.A., Mitropoulos, P., 2003. Signal detection theory: enabling work near the edge. In: Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC-11), Blacksburg, USA. Proceedings, Virginia Tech. * Ballard, G., 2000. The Last Planner System of Production Control, PhD thesis, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham, UK. * Cameron, I., Hare, B., Duff, R., Maloney, B., 2006. An investigation of approaches to worker engagement. Health and Safety Executive, Research Report RR516, 96 p. * Cherns, A., 1978. The principles of sociotechnical design. In: Pasmore, W., Sherwood, J. (Eds.), Sociotechnical Systems: A Source Book. University Associates, La Jolla, pp. 61-71. * Hale, A., Heijer, T., 2006. Is resilience really necessary? The case of railways. In: Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., Levenson, N. (Eds.), Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate, pp. 115-137, 392 p. * Harper, R., Koehn, E., 1998. Managing industrial construction safety in southeast Texas. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 124 (6), 452-457. * Hinze, J. 2002. Making zero injuries a reality. Construction Industry Institute (Report 160), Gainesville, 110 p. * Hoffman, R., Feltovich, P., Ford, K., Woods, D., Klein, G., Feltovich, A., 2002. A rose by any other name. . .would probably be given an acronym. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 72-80. * Hollnagel, E., 2004. Barriers and Accident Prevention. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., 1999. Cognitive systems engineering: new wine in new bottles. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 51 (2), 339-356. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., 2005. Joint Cognitive Systems: An Introduction to Cognitive Systems Engineering. Taylor and Francis, London. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., Levenson, N., 2006. Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 392 p. * Hopkins, A., 2006. What are we to make of safe behaviour programs? Safety Science 44, 583-597. * Igarashi, R., 1991. The big picture. In: Mctighe, E. (Ed.), Visual control systems. Productivity Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-12. The Factory Management Notebook Series, 1 (2). * Kolluru, R., Bartell, S., Pitblado, R., Stricoff, R., 1996. Risk Assessment and Management Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York. * Koskela, L., 2000. An Exploration towards a Production Theory and its Application to Construction. Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, 258 p. * Laufer, A., Tucker, R., 1987. Is construction planning really doing its job? A critical examination of focus, role and process. Construction Management and Economics 5, 243-266.

America’s Unjust Drug War Essay

It has been said that the definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over, expecting a different result; this statement fairly sums up the War on Drugs. Let us imagine a scenario of two men, one of them has killed 4 young women in cold blood, for ‘sport’ as he likes to say; the other man was caught with a large amount of an illegal drug. In prison it would not be unlikely for these two to share a cell, but my question is why? Why are these drastically different crimes seen as being worthy of the same punishment? According to a pro-marijuana web site, studies show that in Dallas, Texas â€Å"Possession of two ounces or less of marijuana is punishable by up to 180 days in jail and a fine up to $2,000. Possession of greater than two ounces is punishable by up to one year in jail and a fine up to $4,000† (â€Å"We Be High†). It seems to defy logic, and upon observation of the facts, it does. The War on Drugs, specifically the prohibition of marijuana, is an unnecessary drain on our country’s tax dollars and law enforcement agencies. Some would even say that these agencies have no right to tell us what we as US Citizens can put into our bodies in the first place. Not only that, but the skepticism and prohibition of marijuana is keeping people from exploring the amazing potential that it has in the medicinal field. If marijuana were legalized properly, not only would these problems begin to work themselves out, but the illegal market and the problems and dangers caused by the prohibition of marijuana would cease to exist. One fact that few in our country would refute is that our prison system is over-crowded and has been stretched in recent years to accommodate all the recent â€Å"criminals.† Along with all those which have committed true crimes against society such as murder and robbery, there are now citizens that have been found guilty of possession or di stribution of drugs. â€Å"In 2003, there were a record 755,186 marijuana arrests in the US – greater than the number of arrests for all violent crimes combined† (Miron). â€Å"In 1998, 65% of those were convicted of drug possession in state court and 71% of those convicted of drug trafficking were sentenced to incarceration† (Chin 10). Not only is being arrested and incarcerated for simple possession of marijuana a set-back in one’s life, but finding a decent job for an ex-con is very difficult (Rachels and Rachels). It is hard to believe that violent criminals and Marijuana dealers belong in the same facility; it is a waste of money to feed and clothe them. A popular philosophical argument for the legalization of drugs, such as marijuana, is that the Government does not have the right to tell us what we can and cannot put into our own bodies. Nowhere in the constitution does it state that all drugs should be illegal and should result in major fines or even jail time if one was caught in possession of the drug. In fact, it seems to be implied that people should be able to have the freedom to self medicate as they want to. From the utilitarian perspective, people tend to be happier when they have freedom, and the current drug laws reduce that feeling of freedom and happiness. Therefore, the government should not put restrictions on drug use (Rachels and Rachels). If someone were to make the choice to smoke cannabis, that would be their choice and doing so would not directly harm anyone else. After all, isn’t America the ‘Land of the Free’? Our country is filled with propagandists who warp the facts and percentages of drugs that they want to be illegal just so the drug seems more dangerous than it actually is. In fact, some people’s every day activities are proven to be more harmful than marijuana such as smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, obesity, having unprotected sex, and riding motorcycles (Rachels and Rachels). A popular argument prohibitionists use for this is that illegal drug use harms the user in a different way (Rachels and Rachels). However, all of these activities listed harm the user in some sort of way and isn’t that what really matters in the end? There are some people out there that truly believe (and try to convince others) that marijuana is a deadly substance when in reality there have been no deaths whatsoever from marijuana use (Herer). However, there are around 106,000 deaths from legal drugs that you can buy at any convenience store, including aspirin. Studies show that aspirin is responsible for anywhere from 108-1,000 deaths per year. Animal studies have shown that it is virtually impossible to overdose on marijuana (Hager). This has led scientists to conclude that â€Å"the ratio of the amount of cannabinoids necessary to get a person intoxicated (i.e., stoned) relative to the amount necessary to kill them is 1 to 40,000† (Hager). So in other words, in order to over dose on marijuana, someone would have to ingest 40,000 times however much one would have to smoke in order to get the â€Å"high† feeling. If legal drugs and every day activities pose a bigger threat on society than marijuana, then why is cannabis illegal while these things remain legal? Rather than criminalizing those who possess and sell marijuana, some have proposed a radical reversal in policy; that the government actually legalize marijuana and tax it. By allowing the illegal importation of drugs into the United States (a multi-billion dollar a year industry), we are allowing all of the profit to go to people who do not deserve it such as â€Å"criminals, killers, and dangerous organizations† (â€Å"The Economic Benefits†). â€Å"Legalizing marijuana in the US would save about $7.7 billion per year in enforcement costs, and it would generate between $2.4 and $6.2 billion in tax revenue, depending on whether pot was taxed normally or at the higher rate at which alcohol and tobacco and are now taxed† (Rachels and Rachels). All of this can be accomplished by simply repealing the prohibition laws in effect. Along with preventing prison over-population and creating another form of tax revenue, the legalization of marijuana could create a new and simpler class of analgesic, which by definition is a medicine used to relieve pain. In an experiment conducted at the University of California Davis, there were three different groups given three different substances. One was given 7% marijuana, the second was given 3.5% marijuana, and the last was the control group, which was given a placebo. The results showed that both the 3.5% group and the 7% group both experienced equal amounts of analgesic produced. While the people in the study did feel a type of high in using the marijuana as a medicinal aid, the fact that both levels used created an equal amount of analgesic means that there may be a way around the high feeling. Further testing might be a good idea to see if an even lower dose could still create an analgesic without the side effects of the ‘high’ feeling (â€Å"Journal of Pain†). The study also explains that marijuana does not tranquilize the pain, but helps to create an emotional distance from it. In other words the person can still feel the pain but just does not care as much as he or she normally would. Making marijuana a legalized drug would also mean that it would become a more controlled and regulated drug as well. However, one major concern of making marijuana a legalized substance is the possibility of young adults in society being exposed to it. While this is a valid argument against legalizing marijuana, people must realize that the fact that marijuana is currently illegal actually provides teens more opportunities to make money by selling it to their friends (â€Å"Top Ten Reasons†). However, making marijuana a legalized, controlled, and regulated substance would make it much harder for teens to get a hold of the drug. Miron expresses this fact, saying that â€Å"unlike drug dealers, licensed vendors would ensure that teens could not purchase marijuana, just as states that have implemented strict controls on underage tobacco purchases have seen sales of tobacco to minors fall dramatically† (Miron). A group of 12th grade high school students were asked how legalizing marijuana would affect them personally. 61% said they would not use the drug even if it were legal to buy and use. 15% stated they would use it as often as they do now, and 1.5% say they would use it less often. Only 5.5% say they would use it more often than they do currently while nine percent said they would try it. Though these percentages may seem like large numbers, it only amounts to around 14% (about one in seven) of the students surveyed who stated they would either try marijuana or increase their use if marijuana were to become legalized (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, Schulenberg). Another problem with people having to resort to the black market for the purchase of cannabis is the danger that accompanies it. The illegal market that has been established because of the combination of the demand and illegality of marijuana brings much violence along with it. It is common for drug dealers at this day and age to carry around and use guns and knives as means of protection. This results in the possibility of something bad happening to the buyer or innocent bystanders. If cannabis were to become legalized and controlled, innocent people would not have to worry about the dangers that they are currently faced with in the purchasing of marijuana on the black market. This flawed policy should have been thrown out years ago like the failed Prohibition was in 1933, but societal propaganda and a more weary population has kept it securely in its place as one of the priorities of conservative Americans. Hopefully with time and a more intense barrage of facts and logic, this failed war can end and help usher in a new age of understanding and control over the substances we now outlaw. Until then the United States Government will continue to burn money and lock away undeserving citizens. Work Cited Barth Wilsey, Thomas Marcotte, Alexander Tsodikov, Jeanna Millman, Heather Bentley, Ben Gouaux and Scott Fishman. â€Å"A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial of Cannabis Cigarettes in Neuropathic Pain.† The Journal of Pain. Web. 28 April 2010. Chin, Gabriel J. â€Å"Race, the War on Drugs, and the Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction.† Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, Vol. 6, p. 253, 2002. University of Arizona. Web. 1 May 2010. Hager, Paul. â€Å"Marijuana Myths.† Web. 3 May 2010. Herer, Jack. â€Å"Hemp: Fuel Food Fiber Medicine Industry.† HempCar. Web. 3 May 2010. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2009). â€Å"Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2008: Volume I, Secondary School Students.† The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. PDF file. 30 April 2010. Miron, Jeffrey A. â€Å"The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition.† Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition in the United States. Mar 28, 2008. Web. 1 May 2010. Rachels, James and Stuart Rachels. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2010. Print Rachels, James and Stuart Rachels. The Right Thing to Do. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2010. Print â€Å"The Economic Benefits of a Legal Regulated Marijuana Industry.† 2005. Web. 3 May 2010. â€Å"The Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should be Legal.† AlterNet. High Times. Web. 3 May 2010. â€Å"WeBeHigh: A Traveler’s Guide to Getting High.† Web. 2 May 2010.

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Basic Philosophy of Supply Chain Management(Sony)

Abstract This paper describes the basic philosophy to supply chain management in order to develop and implement comprehensive supply chain strategies for Sony Corporation in global operation. Sony is committed to fulfilling its responsibility to society as a corporate citizen, including managing its supply chain in a responsible manner. To achieve this goal, Sony is working with its business partners, suppliers and subcontractors to help ensure that they adhere to the same high standards as Sony in the areas of human rights, labor conditions, health and safety, and environmental protection. After an overview of supply chain management, strategy and issues, a supply chain design decomposition is presented. It separates objectives and†¦show more content†¦After the items have been completed and tested, they are stored back in the warehouse prior to delivery to the customer. * Transportation: When the finished product arrives in the warehouse, the shipping department determines the most efficient method to ship the products so that they are delivered on or before the date specified by the customer. When the goods are received by the customer, the company will send an invoice for the delivered products. OBJECTIVE OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. The value a supply chain generates is the difference between what the final product is worth to the customer and the effort the supply chain expends in filling the customer’s request. For most commercial supply chains, value will be strongly correlated with supply chain profitability, the difference between the revenue generated from the customer and the overall cost across the supply chain. For example, a customer purchasing a computer from Dell pays $2,000, which represents the revenue the supply chain receives. Dell and other stages of the supply chain incur costs to convey information, produce components, store them, transport them, transfer funds, and so on. The difference between the $2,000 that the customer paid and the sum of all costs incurred by the supply chain to produce and distribute the computer represents the supply chain profitability. Supply chainShow MoreRelatedBasic Philoso phy of Supply Chain Management(Sony)4960 Words   |  20 Pagespaper describes the basic philosophy to supply chain management in order to develop and implement comprehensive supply chain strategies for Sony Corporation in global operation. Sony is committed to fulfilling its responsibility to society as a corporate citizen, including managing its supply chain in a responsible manner. To achieve this goal, Sony is working with its business partners, suppliers and subcontractors to help ensure that they adhere to the same high standards as Sony in the areas of humanRead MoreSony Corporation ( Sony )3760 Words   |  16 PagesOverview Sony Corporation (Sony), incorporated on May 7, 1946, is engaged in the development, design, manufacture, and sale of various kinds of electronic equipment, instruments, and devices for consumer, professional and industrial markets, as well as game consoles and software. Sony’s primary manufacturing facilities are located in Japan, Europe, and Asia. Sony also utilizes third-party contract manufacturers for certain products. Sony’s products are marketed throughout the world by sales subsidiariesRead MoreSony s Key Manufacturing Facilities3731 Words   |  15 PagesOverview Sony Corporation founded in 1946, is involved in the design, manufacture, development, and sale of various kinds of electronic equipment, instruments, and devices for customers, industrial and professional markets, also game consoles and software. Sony’s crucial manufacturing facilities are located in Japan, other Asians countries and Europe. Sony also utilizes third-party contract manufacturers for certain products. Sony’s products are marketed throughout the world by sales branches andRead MoreSony s Key Manufacturing Facilities3654 Words   |  15 PagesOverview Sony Corporation, founded in 1946, is involved in the design, manufacture, development, and sale of various kinds of electronic equipment, instruments, and devices for customers, industrial and professional markets, also game consoles and software. Sony’s crucial manufacturing facilities are located in Japan, other Asians countries and Europe. Sony also utilizes third-party contract manufacturers for certain products. Sony’s products are marketed throughout the world by sales branches andRead MoreStrategic Management Team Project : Team Report Final5048 Words   |  21 PagesStrategic Management Team Project: Team Report Final Wireless – Mobile Phone Mirroring Strategic Alliance: Sony Corporation and Toyota Motor Corporation Eli Clanton Sita Giri University of West Georgia Management 6681 Dr. Douglas Turner July 20, 2015 Overview Why buy a car with satellite radio and a GPS system? Why pay a separate Wi-Fi service fee for your car? If you have a smartphone then you already have these features and more at your fingertips. The new wireless mobile phone mirroringRead MoreWhy Buy A Car With Satellite Radio And A Gps System4634 Words   |  19 PagesWhy buy a car with satellite radio and a GPS system? Why pay a separate Wi-Fi service fee for your car? If you have a smartphone then you already have these features and more at your fingertips. The new wireless mobile phone mirroring system from Sony and Toyota will allow you to pair your smartphone with your car’s dash display so that all of the applications on your phone are seen on the dash video display and heard through the car’s speakers. Internet radio and live updated traffic/GPS applicationsRead MoreThe Lego Group1284 Words   |  6 PagesSingh, R. Student Number : 19852274 20101233 20054057 Assignment Title : The LEGO Group: working with strategy. Date : 03 March 2012 Programme : BTECH-MANAGEMENT IV Question 1 Explain how the development of strategy at the LEGO Group reflect the key characteristics of strategic management outlined in section 1.2 and in the model in Figure 1.4? â€Å"Strategy is the long-term direction of an organization† (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, p.3). The LEGO Group startedRead MorePrinciples of Operations Management Chapter 1-2-32543 Words   |  11 Pagesbe cognizant about the know-how of what exactly my roles would then be. I learnt that OM in simple terms is a collection of processes that helps creating a service or a good starting from its input phase giving us the most appropriate output. The basics learnt were the fundamental difference between Goods and Services. Good is a tangible entity while Service is intangible. And sometimes service can also be a later phase of a good, for example, Customer support or a service in the form of WarrantyRead MoreCostcp vs Sams Club2904 Words   |  12 Pagesefficiency in the use of selling space, in the handling of merchandise, and in the control of inventory. Warehouse Business Model Warehouse Clubs are â€Å"big box stores that sell groceries as well as general merchandise at lower costs† The basic model is to maintain very low prices, sell high volumes, and maintain very high Operating efficiencies. The business idea is that low prices on a limited selection of national brand merchandise and selected private-label products in a wide range ofRead MoreOperations management as a source of competitive advantage2803 Words   |  12 Pagesoperations management as a source for gaining a competitive advantage, operations management and TQM are defined and discussed as to their importancy in the organisation. The differing ways of gaining a competitive advantage are explained as is the way organisational structures and the implementation of technologies aid the building of these advantages. The Cambrian Conservatory and window world is used as an example of efficient operations management. Introduction Operations management is based Basic Philosophy of Supply Chain Management(Sony) Abstract This paper describes the basic philosophy to supply chain management in order to develop and implement comprehensive supply chain strategies for Sony Corporation in global operation. Sony is committed to fulfilling its responsibility to society as a corporate citizen, including managing its supply chain in a responsible manner. To achieve this goal, Sony is working with its business partners, suppliers and subcontractors to help ensure that they adhere to the same high standards as Sony in the areas of human rights, labor conditions, health and safety, and environmental protection. After an overview of supply chain management, strategy and issues, a supply chain design decomposition is presented. It separates objectives and†¦show more content†¦Here are some of the benefits provided by SCM: * Purchasing SCM offers an advantage of making it easier for companies to manage all aspects of purchasing and production. Companies using this system develop a set of metrics to monitor the supply of goods. This metric system promotes purchasing raw products both in an efficient manner and in a way that customers receive high quality in goods produced. * Collaboration SCM develops a chain of businesses to work with. This group of interconnected businesses works together for one main goal: to provide customers with the goods and services they demand. SCM systems choose suppliers for raw products as well as distributors. The company uses different suppliers and distributors based on customer demand. * Lower Costs These systems use many suppliers and distributors, allowing a company to choose the most cost- effective ones. An SCM system helps companies plan how much raw material is needed to meet customer demand. This allows companies to have a lower amount of inventory on hand at all times. Purchasing agents can then identify ways to save money when purchasing raw products. * Cycle Time A cycle refers to the amount of time it takes a business to complete an entire process. When the methods of SCM are used, the most efficient means of operations are discovered. This helps improve the time it takes to complete a cycle. In short, successfullyShow MoreRelatedBasic Philosophy of Supply Chain Management(Sony)4953 Words   |  20 Pagespaper describes the basic philosophy to supply chain management in order to develop and implement comprehensive supply chain strategies for Sony Corporation in global operation. Sony is committed to fulfilling its responsibility to society as a corporate citizen, including managing its supply chain in a responsible manner. To achieve this goal, Sony is working with its business partners, suppliers and subcontractors to help ensure that they adhere to the same high standards as Sony in the areas of humanRead MoreSony Corporation ( Sony )3760 Words   |  16 PagesOverview Sony Corporation (Sony), incorporated on May 7, 1946, is engaged in the development, design, manufacture, and sale of various kinds of electronic equipment, instruments, and devices for consumer, professional and industrial markets, as well as game consoles and software. Sony’s primary manufacturing facilities are located in Japan, Europe, and Asia. Sony also utilizes third-party contract manufacturers for certain products. Sony’s products are marketed throughout the world by sales subsidiariesRead MoreSony s Key Manufacturing Facilities3731 Words   |  15 PagesOverview Sony Corporation founded in 1946, is involved in the design, manufacture, development, and sale of various kinds of electronic equipment, instruments, and devices for customers, industrial and professional markets, also game consoles and software. Sony’s crucial manufacturing facilities are located in Japan, other Asians countries and Europe. Sony also utilizes third-party contract manufacturers for certain products. Sony’s products are marketed throughout the world by sales branches andRead MoreSony s Key Manufacturing Facilities3654 Words   |  15 PagesOverview Sony Corporation, founded in 1946, is involved in the design, manufacture, development, and sale of various kinds of electronic equipment, instruments, and devices for customers, industrial and professional markets, also game consoles and software. Sony’s crucial manufacturing facilities are located in Japan, other Asians countries and Europe. Sony also utilizes third-party contract manufacturers for certain products. Sony’s products are marketed throughout the world by sales branches andRead MoreStrategic Management Team Project : Team Report Final5048 Words   |  21 PagesStrategic Management Team Project: Team Report Final Wireless – Mobile Phone Mirroring Strategic Alliance: Sony Corporation and Toyota Motor Corporation Eli Clanton Sita Giri University of West Georgia Management 6681 Dr. Douglas Turner July 20, 2015 Overview Why buy a car with satellite radio and a GPS system? Why pay a separate Wi-Fi service fee for your car? If you have a smartphone then you already have these features and more at your fingertips. The new wireless mobile phone mirroringRead MoreWhy Buy A Car With Satellite Radio And A Gps System4634 Words   |  19 PagesWhy buy a car with satellite radio and a GPS system? Why pay a separate Wi-Fi service fee for your car? If you have a smartphone then you already have these features and more at your fingertips. The new wireless mobile phone mirroring system from Sony and Toyota will allow you to pair your smartphone with your car’s dash display so that all of the applications on your phone are seen on the dash video display and heard through the car’s speakers. Internet radio and live updated traffic/GPS applicationsRead MoreThe Lego Group1284 Words   |  6 PagesSingh, R. Student Number : 19852274 20101233 20054057 Assignment Title : The LEGO Group: working with strategy. Date : 03 March 2012 Programme : BTECH-MANAGEMENT IV Question 1 Explain how the development of strategy at the LEGO Group reflect the key characteristics of strategic management outlined in section 1.2 and in the model in Figure 1.4? â€Å"Strategy is the long-term direction of an organization† (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, p.3). The LEGO Group startedRead MorePrinciples of Operations Management Chapter 1-2-32543 Words   |  11 Pagesbe cognizant about the know-how of what exactly my roles would then be. I learnt that OM in simple terms is a collection of processes that helps creating a service or a good starting from its input phase giving us the most appropriate output. The basics learnt were the fundamental difference between Goods and Services. Good is a tangible entity while Service is intangible. And sometimes service can also be a later phase of a good, for example, Customer support or a service in the form of WarrantyRead MoreCostcp vs Sams Club2904 Words   |  12 Pagesefficiency in the use of selling space, in the handling of merchandise, and in the control of inventory. Warehouse Business Model Warehouse Clubs are â€Å"big box stores that sell groceries as well as general merchandise at lower costs† The basic model is to maintain very low prices, sell high volumes, and maintain very high Operating efficiencies. The business idea is that low prices on a limited selection of national brand merchandise and selected private-label products in a wide range ofRead MoreOperations management as a source of competitive advantage2803 Words   |  12 Pagesoperations management as a source for gaining a competitive advantage, operations management and TQM are defined and discussed as to their importancy in the organisation. The differing ways of gaining a competitive advantage are explained as is the way organisational structures and the implementation of technologies aid the building of these advantages. The Cambrian Conservatory and window world is used as an example of efficient operations management. Introduction Operations management is based